Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Heart

Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Heart The heart is a muscular pump, cone shaped, hollow organ that lies in the chest cavity, the apex inclining towards the left cavity. It is divided into four areas, the upper right and left atria and the lower right and left ventricles. A muscular wall called the septum down the centre separates oxygenated from deoxygenated blood. The hearts purpose is to circulate blood throughout the body. The wall of the heart has three layers the Inner layer (endocardium). The middle layer (myocardium). The outer layer (pericardium). The action on the left side is to receive blood from the lungs and to force it around the body. The action on the right side forces blood into the lungs to be oxygenated. Valves are found between the atria on upper part and ventricles on lower part. Cardiac Cycle There are three stages to the event of a heartbeat. Blood enters the heart, the atria and ventricles are both relaxed or DIASTOLE. Blood enters the atria while all the valves are closed. Blood is pumped from the upper atria to the lower ventricles. Electrical impulses from the pacemaker cause the atria to contract ATRIAL SYSTOLE. Blood is pumped to the ventricles. The tricuspid and bicuspid valves open. The vena cava and pulmonary veins close to stop blood entering the atria. Blood leaves the heart and the atria relax. Impulses from the av node cause the ventricles to contract. This is called ventricular systole. Blood id forced out of the heart into the pulmonary artery and the aorta. Pressure forces the semilunar valves to open. Pressure closes the tricuspid and bicuspid valves. Ventricles relax again. Semilunar valves close which prevents blood from flowing back into the heart or ventricles. The vena cava and pulmonary veins open and the cycle starts again. Blood pressure Blood pressure is the power exerted by the blood against the blood vessels walls , and and the arteries, while it becomes lower in the veins and capillaries. Blood pressure is read with a sphygomomanometre. SYSTOLIC: Heart is contracting blood pressure reaches its highest point. DIASTOLIC: Pressure reaches its lowest level when the heart IS relaxing. High Blood Pressure or Hypertension. Causes Narrowing of the arteries, Kidney disease, smoking. Diet, hereditary factors including stress and medication. High blood pressure is maintained at a high level over a period of time. Symptoms Heart attack, Stroke, Kidney complaints, Angina. Low Blood Pressure or Hypotension. Causes Low blood pressure is maintained over a period of time. It can be shock or an underactive Adrenal glands, or hereditary factors. Symptoms Fainting and dizziness. CARDIAC OUTPUT Volume of blood pumped out of the heart. When cardiac output increases blood pressure increases. RESISTANCE OFFERED BY ARTERIOLES (small arteries). Narrowing of blood vessels can result from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels. The greater the narrowing the higher the blood pressure. TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME Blood pressure is lowered if the amount of circulating blood is reduced VISCOSITY OF BLOOD The lower the viscosity the lower the blood pressure. ELASTICITY OF ARTERY WALLS When arteries harden there is a loss of elasticity and blood pressure is raised. Structure of Arteries Veins and Capillaries Characteristics of capillaries Characteristics of veins Characteristics of arteries Distribute oxygen nutrients to all cells of body Veins transport blood to Heart Arteries transport blood from the heart Transport Carbon Dioxide other waste away from cells. Transport deoxygenated blood except pulmonary Arteries transport oxygenated blood except the pulmonary. Capillaries are smallest blood vessel. One cell thick, Veins carry a high concentration of urea waste, Arteries have an abundance of nutrients. Capillaries have thin walls. Not as muscular elastic compared to arteries. Elastic Walls. Muscular. The fluid, mostly water nutrients filters out of walls bathes body tissue. The Lumen, i.e. the passage is large. The Lumen i.e. the passage is small. Valves stop the blood flowing back. Pumped by skeletal muscles. Arteries are pumped by heart muscle tissue in the artery wall. Blood under low Pressure Blood under high pressure. Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary Stripped With Protein Bands. Non Stripped. Or Non-Striated. Is The Pump To Power The Heart Joined Onto The Bones. We Have No Control Over Them. Only Found In The Heart Consciously Control Found In The Digestive System, Respiratory System And The Genito Urinary System. Outer Fibres Are Striated Or Striped Numerous Nuclei Automatically Work. Only One Nucleus. Made Of Fibres That Form A Group Of Cells. One Nucleus Looks Like Skeletal Muscle. Largest Cells In The Body Spindle Shape With No Distinct Membrane. Sheath On Outer Muscle Regulate The Flow Of Blood In Arteries. Fibres Form Into Bundles And Go In The Same Direction. Moves Your Dinner Along Through Your Gastrointestinal Tract. Regulate The Flow Of Air Through The Lungs. Help Deliver Babies From The Uterus. How Muscles and Skeleton work together to create movement A muscle needs to pass over a joint to create movement. Muscles are connected to bones by tendon. Tendons pull on a bone when a muscle contracts and helps it move. Usually, muscles work in antagonistic pairs. In each pair there is a relaxing muscle and a controlling muscle Antagonistic muscles must contract and relax equally to ensure a non-jerky smooth movement. An example is the biceps muscle on top of the humerus. The arm is moved upwards. At the same time the triceps is relaxed. Body moves when the muscles contract and produce movement in the joints of the skeleton, Muscles stabilise the joints, Muscles maintain posture control. Muscles aid in temperature control e.g., shivering. Axial muscles Skeletal Muscles of the trunk or head e.g. trapezius muscle. Appendicular Muscles Skeletal muscles of the limbs e.g. biceps triceps. These two muscles contract and relax equally to ensure a smooth, non-jerky movement. Composition of bone Bones are living tissue. They contain Osteoblasts which are responsible for making the collagen rich substance osteoid, which is key in building bone. They compose of cells called Osteoclasts that maintain the bone structure. The cells travel around the the bone to areas in need of resorption. They compose of compact bone which accounts for 80% of the bodys bone mass. They compose of cancellous bone makes up 20% of the bodies bone mass. It has a honeycomb structure. STRUCTURE OF A LONG BONE External structure Long bones fornexamole the femur in the leg are enclosed in a membrane called the periosteum. This membrane contains blood vessels and nerves. The long shaft of a bine is called the epiphysis. Internal Structure Compact bone Spongy bone Medullary cavity Compact bone Is mostly found in the shaft or diaphysis of a bone. It is also found around the end or epiphysys of a bone. When under a microscope bones are full of holes. Haversian Canal: These are canals that run lengthways through compact bone. They contain blood capillaries, and nerves. Cancellous or Spongy bone: These bones are found at the end of long bones and are found in flat and irregular bones. It is spongy. Medullary Cavity: The red and yellow bone marrow is stored here. Functions of the Skeleton Allows movement as joints are formed between the bones to allow the movement of the body. Provides attachment for the muscles which move the joints thus moving the body. Supports the body and gives it shape as all the other parts of the body are soft and cannot stand up. It protects the delicate organs e.g. Skull as it protects the brain, the rib cage. The sternum protect the Heart and lungs. With the aid of vitamin K calcium salt and phosphorus is stored in your body. Different Types of Joints FREELY MOVEABLE SYNOVIAL JOINTS Shoulder joint is called a ball and socket joint. It is the most moveable joint. It allows movement in many directions. The rounded head of one bone fits into a socket or cavity in another bone. Immoveable or fixed fibrous joints Innominate or pelvic girdle bone has no movement. There is fibrous tissue between the ends of the bones. Slightly moveable joints cartilaginous When two bones come together with a little cartilage in between. Some examples would be the joints between all of the vertebrae in the spine. These bones are around the discs, which are made of cartilage. Freely Moveable Synovial Joints Immoveable or Fixed Fibrous Joints Slightly Moveable Cartilaginous Joints Ball Socket Joint Pelvic Girdle or Innominate Bone Joints Between Each Vertebrae in The Spine Hinge Joint Sutures in Skull Symphysis Pubis in The Pelvis. Gliding Joint Sacroiliac Joint in The Pelvis Pivot Joint Saddle Joint Body Movement of How the Skeletal and Muscular System Connect In the skeletal muscles, a muscle needs to pass over a joint to create movement. Tendons connects muscles to bones. When the muscle contracts, the tendon pulls on the bone and causes it to move. Most of the time muscles work in antagonistic pairs. Each pair consists of a contracting muscle and a relaxing muscle. These two muscles must contract and relax equally to ensure a smooth, non-jerky movement. Therefore, the muscles contract and allow movement in the joints of the skeleton causing the body to move. The muscles stabilise the joints and ensure posture control. The axial muscles are the muscles of the trunk or head. Then the appendicular muscles are the skeletal muscles of the limbs, e.g. Biceps, triceps. Epidermis: Structure Consists of five layers on the upper portion of the skin. Cells in the bottom are living and carry on moving up through the layers until they die. Function To protect the skin. Dermis: Structure Lies beneath the epidermis. The papillary layer is wavy tissue. The waste upward projections are called dermal papillae. They contain blood and lymph capillaries and nerve endings. The reticular layer contains the main components of the skin. It is dense and fibrous. Function The papillary layer increase surface area of reproductive cells and provide living layers of epidermis with vessels which supply nourishment and remove cellular waste. The reticular layer protects and repairs injured tissue. Collagen gives it strength. Elastin allows the skin to stretch easily but quickly regain its shape. Subcutaneous layer: Structure Lies beneath the dermis has cells called lipocytes which produce lipids which are the fat cells from which subcutaneous tissue is formed. Function Cushions muscles, bones and internal organs against shocks and blows. Sudoriferous glands: Structure Found in the dermis. Eccrine glands Found all over the body, numerous on the palms of hands and the soles of the feet. They produce sweat through a sweat pore. Aprocrine glands are found in the armpits, nipples and anal and genital areas open into hair follicles and produce a thicker secretion. Function Eccrine glands help regulate body temperature by producing sweat which evaporates off the skins surface and cools it down when it is hot. Apocrine glands are under nervous control and respond to emotional, psychological and sexual stimuli. Hair follicles: Structure Found all over the body except the palms of hands and soles of the feet. It is a sac like structure which contain hairs. The base of the hair degenerates and rebuilds during the cycle of hair growth and replacement. It contains a dermal papilla which supplies blood to the base of the hair. The follicle opens at the skins surface at a follicular pore. Function Hair follicles produce and contain hairs during their life cycle. They provide nourishment for the hairs. Hairs: Structure Found in the follicle in the dermis. They do not grow on lips, palms of hands, or soles of feet. The hair above the skin is called the shaft. The portion lying in the follicle is called the root. The enlarged base of the root surrounding the papilla is called the bulb. Hair is made of protein keratin. Function Hair protects against friction and damage from external environment. Hair is a sexual characteristic. Sebaceous glands: Structure Found in the dermis and produce sebum which pass through a duct and up the hair follicle and through the skin through a follicular pore. Function Sebum lubricates the skin and hair and combines with sweat to form the protective acid mantle of the skin. It also retains natural moisture in the skin and provides insulation. Blood Vessels: structure Arteries carry oxygenated blood. Blood is pumped all around the body in arteries. Veins carry deoxygenated blood. Their walls have valves which stops blood from flowing backwards. Capillaries are fine vessels and made of a single layer of cells. Some materials can pass in and out through the thin walls of the capillaries. Function Arteries carry oxygen and nutrients to the skin via capillaries. Veins remove waste products. The surface capillaries help to regulate body temperature. Vessels dilate and heat is lost through the skin. When the body is cold, the vessels contract and heat is retained. Nerves: structure Found in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Sympathetic nerves supply blood vessels, sweat glands and the arrector pili muscle. Nerves respond to heat, cold, pain, pressure and touch. Function Nerve stimulation causes a reaction which triggers an appropriate response from the body. SECTION D Examples of Viral Bacterial, Fungal Skin Diseases: Viral skin disease Bacterial skin disease Fungal skin disease Chickenpox Cellulitis Athletes Foot. Tinea Pedis Mumps Impetigo Ringworm Hepatitis B Virus Folliculitis Jock Itch German Measles / Rubella Furuncle Fungal Nail Infection Onychomycosis Relationship Between Skin The Nervous System Sensory nerve endings are situated in the skin and give us the sensation of touch. The nerve endings or receptors are specially shaped and positioned to respond to a range of different stimuli. We can distinguish heat, cold, and pain, as well as differences between light and deep pressure. Motor nerve endings supply the muscles that make facial expressions and move the eyes, neck, and lower jaw. Made up of white or grey nerve fibres which end in sensory nerve endings. Nerve stimulation causes a reaction which sets off an appropriate response from the body. The skin also is important in helping to switch your body temperature. If you are too hot or too cold, messages are sent from the brain to the skin. The skin uses 3 methods to increase or decrease heat loss from the bodys surface these are hairs on the skin trap heat if when standing up, and less if they are lying flat; glands under the skin secrete sweat onto the surface of the skin in order to increase heat loss by evaporation if the body is too hot; capillaries near the surface can open when your body needs to cool off and close when you need to conserve heat. Relationship Between the Skin and The Circulatory System. The circulatory system through the help of arteries, veins and small capillaries transport blood, nutrients and oxygen to the skin. This is done by the help of the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation. Arteries carry a lot of nutrients via the circulation system to the skin. Veins carry a lot of waste products like urea to the skin. The skin protects the body living tissues and the organs. It protects against the invasion of infection It protects from dehydration. The circulatory system protects the body against changes in temperature. The skin has nerve endings called thermoreceptors which detect hot a and cold. These receptors interact with a cluster of nerves at the centre of the brain called the hypothalamus. If you become too hot or too cold, your brain sends nerve impulses to the skin, which has three ways to to decreases or to increase heat loss from the surface of the body. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Biology Plus Leaving Cert by Michael O Callaghan Edco. A Practical Guide to Beauty Therapy Level 2 By Janet Simms. Internet: Teachpe.Com Free Resource For Physical Education And Sports Coaching. Teachpe.com. N.p., 2017. Web. 26 Jan. 2017. Sciencedirect.Com | Science, Health And Medical Journals, Full Text Articles And Books.. Sciencedirect.com. N.p., 2017. Web. 27 Jan. 2017. Innerbody.Com | Your Interactive Guide To Human Anatomy. Innerbody. N.p., 2017. Web. 30 Jan. 2017.

Sterling Marking Products Case Study

I recommend that Sterling should consider a fully owned subsidiary as an entry mode into the U. K. market. However, we need to ensure U. K. laws permits 100 percent ownership and understand tax incentives applicability. In addition, as an organization we would need to internally develop a strategic road map in terms of our approach to international markets. The objective of the roadmap is to provide Sterling with some guidance and a broad approach to how we conduct business on a global scale, considering recent interest in our product from firms in other countries and possibility of pursuing those opportunities.As an organization, this is much needed to prevent some of the issues we experienced domestically while establishing our branches in Toronto and Windsor, as well as our recent challenges in the U. S. market with Julius Blumberg Inc.My recommendation for a fully owned subsidiary in the U. K. is based on the following: In Europe, U. K. is the only European country where seals ar e legally required for corporations, and the most populous country in that region (exhibit 1), this continues to make U. K.  the most attractive market in Europe for sales, regardless of whether seals might no longer be required in the future. Also, establishing a presence in the U. K. will place Sterling in a position to easily penetrate other European market for future expansion. Based on a qualitative cost & benefit analysis (exhibit 2), a wholly owned subsidiary provides the most advantage to Sterling. Although this requires the most capital and management commitment, the benefits it offers offsets such costs including full profitability as opposed to a shared profit in case of a joint venture (exhibit 3).Also, in terms of the goals, strategy, resources and organizational structure of Sterling, a subsidiary best enables the firm to reach its objectives (exhibit 4). Options open to Sterling with a subsidiary is either to purchase a U. K. seal producer (Jordan) or build a branch as a Greenfield project. Buying out a local producer will allow a speedy market entry and access to local workers. This will also give Sterling access to current customers of the local seal producer. For this reasons, a â€Å"buy-out’’ subsidiary will be preferred over building a new branch.The U.S. market is also one that is in need of a ‘turn around’ in terms of sales and profitability. Once our seven-month contract with Julius Blumberg Inc. is completed, I will suggest we change our method of entry into the U. S. Market. Our trial with Bloomberg sales force shows that a direct sales approach dramatically increases sales in this market, therefore we should continue to export and invest in a sales and distribution team locally in the U. S. to drive sales. This will also allow us to penetrate the market faster and minimize any additional capital cost.In terms of interest shown in our product by other countries, I will suggest we research into sales oppor tunities in Japan for the reasons that Japan has a high population and number of lawyers compared to most of the other countries, geographically Japan also allows us to establish a hub in Asia so that we can establish a footprint in this region. However, deciding on a method of entry into this market will require gathering special information and understanding the Japan market. This research will need to be done prior to deciding a similar method of entry as was suggested for the U. K. market.

FAU Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

Florida Atlantic University is a public university with an acceptance rate of 59%. The main campus is located in Boca Raton, Florida, and since opening in 1964, Florida Atlantic University has grown to six locations and over 30,000 students. Preprofessional programs, including Education and Business, are most popular among undergraduates. On the athletic front, the FAU Owls compete in the NCAA Division I  Conference USA. Considering applying to FAU? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Florida Atlantic University had an acceptance rate of 59%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 59 students were admitted, making FAUs admissions process competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 17,120 Percent Admitted 59% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 31% SAT Scores and Requirements Florida Atlantic University requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 74% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 550 630 Math 530 610 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of FAUs admitted students fall within the top 35% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to FAU scored between 550 and 630, while 25% scored below 550 and 25% scored above 630. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 530 and 610, while 25% scored below 530 and 25% scored above 610. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1240 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at Florida Atlantic University. Requirements FAU does not require the SAT writing section. Note that Florida Atlantic University participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. ACT Scores and Requirements Florida Atlantic University requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 27% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 21 26 Math 19 25 Composite 21 25 This admissions data tells us that most of FAUs admitted students fall within the top 42% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to FAU received a composite ACT score between 21 and 25, while 25% scored above 25 and 25% scored below 21. Requirements Florida Atlantic University does not require the ACT writing section. Unlike many universities, FAU superscores ACT results; your highest subscores from multiple ACT sittings will be considered. GPA In 2018, the average high school GPA of FAUs incoming freshmen class was 3.99, and nearly 85% of admitted students had average GPAs of 3.5 and above. These results suggest that most successful applicants to Florida Atlantic University have primarily A grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Florida Atlantic University Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Florida Atlantic University. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in  with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Florida Atlantic University, which accepts over half of applicants, has a selective admissions process. If your SAT/ACT scores and GPA fall within the schools average ranges, you have a strong chance of being accepted. However, FAU also considers the rigor of your high school courses, not grades alone. AP, IB, and Honors courses receive additional weight in the admissions process. Also, certain programs at FAU (Business, Nursing, Architecture, Engineering, and Music, among others) have additional admissions requirements. In the graph above, the blue and green dots represent accepted students. You can see that the majority of admitted students had high school averages of B- or higher, combined SAT scores of about 1000 or better (ERWM), and ACT composite scores of 20 or higher. Your chances of being admitted improve significantly with grades and test scores a little above these lower ranges. Admissions Information for Other Florida Colleges and Universities Embry-Riddle  |  Flagler  |  Florida  |  FIU  |  Florida State  |  Miami  |  New College  |  UCF |  USF  |  U of Tampa  | All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Florida Atlantic University Undergraduate Admissions Office.

Types Of E Commerce Software - 1162 Words

There are various types of e-commerce software available: hosted, licensed, and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). The size of the e-commerce business is the best indicator of which e-commerce software type is the best fit. Hosted (where the software is hosted by the developer), is recommended for very small or small businesses, licensed (hosted by your own business server) is geared toward small to medium sized e-commerce shops, and ERP is intended for medium to large businesses. I turned to Jasmine A.’s article â€Å"A list of the Best Shopping Cart Software for E-Commerce Websites† for details on each e-commerce software option. Based on Jasmine’s article, I learned immediately that we could eliminate the hosted solution from the mix as Godiva.com is not a small shop, and hosted solutions do not integrate well with other software. 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How Culture Affects An Organization - 1091 Words

â€Å"Organisational culture is the pattern of basic assumptions that a given group has invented, discovered, or developed in learning to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, and that have worked well enough to be considered valid, and therefore be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think and feel in relation to those problems† (Schein, 1984). This definition elaborates the key characteristics of an organisational culture such as group, problems, perpetuation and interpretation. Deal and Kennedy (1982) provides a shorthand definition of Organisational culture as â€Å"the way things get done around here†. Every organisation is unique, some with more distinct cultures than the others. Furthermore, firms with the ‘right’ set of attributes can obtain sustained superior financial performance from their cultures (Barney, 1986). In this essay, we will critically analyse how culture affects an organisationâ₠¬â„¢s business performance and also will elucidate on the concept of cultural evolution by studying various aspects of cultural perpetuation. We will also analyse the role of executives in managing an organisation’s culture and further, these propositions will be discussed with relevant examples. Collins Porras (1994) pointed out the features that were common to the most successful businesses of the world. It was derived that businesses with a clear, sustained culture achieved continued success. The successfulShow MoreRelatedHow Organizational Culture Affects The Success And Failure Of An Organization Essay1134 Words   |  5 Pagesan overview of an essential factor to all organization, which is organizational culture. It is the key to make a success of an organization, as well as the reflection of the company’s manager leadership. 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Social Attitudes towards Transport Free Essays

Traffic police have a selected amount of land to cover throughout the region. Their role is to Provide an emergency response, Reduce road collision casualties, Minimise disruption to the free flow of traffic, provide any possible assistance and reassurance to road users, Provide specialist support services to the force and Ensure that the division makes the most efficient use of all its resources. In all the traffic cars the patrol cars have been fitted with specially designed suspension and brakes to cope with the extra load and the varied and demanding conditions they are exposed to. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Attitudes towards Transport or any similar topic only for you Order Now Motorcycle officers also have a specialist role in the policing of major public events, such as football matches, and providing a police escort for VIPs. They co-ordinate roadwork’s, speeding complaints and monitor local collision trends. Rapid Response Ambulance Rapid response ambulance is specified to attend emergency incidents, ideally within eight minutes of notification. The Trophy Yellow estate cars, with green reflective Battenburg livery, incident equipment carried on the vehicles includes; oxygen therapy, cardiac defibrillators, entonox, maternity and paediatric pack, burns bag, cervical collars, splints and first aid bag. Plans for major incidents, site maps, body bags, triage cards and contacts for agencies and hospitals are also carried. Additional special items include the light roof bar, radio communications and a reverse-decal ‘Ambulance’ livery on the bonnet and ‘RESPONDER’ on its tailgate. These cars aren’t stationed at the hospital; they are located in areas close to the region boarders making their response time a lot quicker. Their role is to attend emergencies, be first on the scene and aid injured people. Both services are required to attend incidents within a short period of time. To be able to make these deadlines, they are both authorized to use their sirens and lights to make other road users aware that they are responding to an emergency. In many cases both rapid responses are linked together. If theirs an RTA the rapid response would be first on scene that would then get the ambulance service called out if anyone is injured. The rapid response ambulance may take that call if it’s within their area, which would attend and wait for ambulance to attend from the hospital to take casualties to hospital. Criminals target vehicles, New cars are automatically fitted with some sort of device attached immobiliser, tracker or alarm. The ideas of these security devices are outlined beneath. Immobilising system, which is automatically activated when the ignition key is removed. The way it works is the device transmits a radio-frequency signal every time the engine is started, sending a different password to the system. Insuring the car cannot be started any other way without the key. Electronic engine immobilisers prevent your car from starting and are the best way to stop thieves. Car alarms can deter thieves from not only stealing your car, but also taking items from it. Older cars are criminals prime targets due to the lack of security protection fitted to them. Steering wheel locks are a cheaper alternative to engine immobilisers use them every time you leave your car. Locking wheel nuts easy to fit and stop thieves from taking your wheels. Have your car registration number or the last seven digits of your Vehicle Identification Number etched onto all windows, both windscreens and your headlamps. Mark all your car equipment, like your car stereo, with your vehicle registration number. Having any of these security measures reduces the attractiveness of the car to thefts. Analysis of driver’s attitude whilst travelling on the roads. Due to no one having the same characteristic everyone is different, with his or her own style of driving technique. With this in mind people tend to act differently on the roads. Road rage is the biggest form of driver’s attitude on the roads and they aren’t necessarily the person behind the wheel either. People speeding, acting irresponsible and general behaviour of others on the roads can cause road rage. Older citizens push the blame onto younger citizens for the way that they drive, younger citizens reverse the blame. There are business people who due to road rage drive more dangerously and faster blaming traffic and deadlines as their excuse. Parents who want to pick children up, but cant park near schools due to heavy congestion around the school. There are people who drive for living truck drivers, van drivers and public transport drivers who are consistently on the roads, that travel through all the peak times of the days. There are the rush hour periods during the day that make everyone less tolerable to waiting calmly. Speeding is mostly influenced by other people speeding, thinking if they can break the limit then so can they, which causes many other problems on the roads. After researching speeding I found that in Northampton there was a work shop for people who had broken the speed limit, where people can analysis there own behaviour on the roads. After the workshop results showed that: 92 per cent of respondents who had been on a Speed Workshop said that they were now more likely to keep to the speed limit. Of those who had received a speeding ticket, but hadn’t been on a Speed Workshop, 53 per cent of respondents said that it was not acceptable to exceed the speed limit. After the Workshop, this increased to 78 per cent. http://www.norpol.com/safetycamera/newsstart.htm Drink driving in England is unacceptable especially around the Christmas period where more than the average drink. The UK legal limit for drivers is 80 mg of alcohol per 100 ml of blood but there is no failsafe guide to the amount of alcohol that a driver can safely consume. The amount and type of alcoholic drink, the weight, sex and metabolism of the driver all play a part. But any amount of alcohol affects driving ability. A motorist’s ability to judge speed and distance may be impaired, their reaction times may be slowed and their judgement of risk seriously affected. Advice from the drink-driving site has given this structure for drinking: Immediately before driving: – Men should consume no more than 4 units, women no more than 3 When drinking the night before driving: – Men should consume no more than 10 units, women no more than 7. (This assumes that no alcohol is consumed after 11.30 pm, and that driving does not take place before 8 am the following morning) Cambridge county council have published that in the last three years there have been 324 drink drive accidents involving death and injury. Drink driving may cause the driver not able to judge the speed and distance accurately; the driver may become more overconfident whilst driving endangering other road users. With all these people on the roads, there is no wonder so many people are involved in accidents. Accidents can also be caused by people’s personal preferences. A driver may like to drive slower than the person in the car behind due to not feeling confident on the roads or just being cautious. Many drivers on the road don’t have enough breaks during travelling that could make the driver tired, irritable and likely to become a danger to themselves and others. Business people travelling in their own car are likely to have mobiles in use, without hands free or microphone the drive by law has to stop where safe and answer the call. As this is unlikely event to happen most people fit attachments in the car to prevent committing an offence. Parents with children should to prevent the driver being distracted, entertain children with some sort of music or equipment that will entertain the children while in their baby seats or whilst they are belted up in the back seats. Using this sort of attitude whilst making a journey will decrease the chance of a common traffic offence and in case of an accident reduce the chance of critical accident. (Ref 1) (Ref 2) (Ref 1) Poster on tiredness – I did a surveyed on ten people asking what they do during long journeys, five people said they don’t stop but tend to differ the speed, play music and have sweets in the car. Two people said that they stop every two hours at a pre-selected break while the other three said that it depends on the weather and whether they know where they are going. After showing the poster to the five that don’t stop, the drivers have changed their opinion and have agreed to wither stop for a stretch, swap drivers if able to and plan their journey that stop every hour to two hours. (Ref 2) Poster on mobile phones – whilst driving, proves that people aren’t multi-skilled that means driving and using a mobile will divide there attention running higher risk of an accident. Surveying the same ten people that I did for the tiredness poster, I asked how many have their mobiles switched on and how they would deal with the driving if they’re mobile started ringing. Three people said that they don’t have their phone on at all through journeys. Two people said that due to the nature of the business that they have hands free kits and one person said that their company installed a microphone set to avoid missing calls whilst on the road. Four people said that they would only use there mobile whilst sitting in traffic or when they are driving on roads that wont cause the driver distraction. After showing the poster and asking them to read it out, they found it very hard and took a few seconds to work out that the transcript was engaging two different statements. After this experiment, all of the drivers that I surveyed that said that they would at least get some equipment installed in their car to avoid causing accident. Even using hand free kits and microphones aren’t advised, but they aren’t against the law and they have reduced the amount of accidents. Not everyone can avoid using their mobile whilst travelling due to their job but this does reduce the amount of accidents for the time being. 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Relationship between information rich in information poor Essay Example For Students

Relationship between information rich in information poor Essay Outline1 1. Introduction2 2. Specifying what information society is3 3. Are â€Å"Haves† and â€Å"Have-nots† ever â€Å"information-rich† and â€Å"information poor† ?4 as I will intensify subsequently. Make it now5 4. The digital divide as political dimension6 5. Other chances and options7 6. Decision8 7. Mentions 1. Introduction In order to discourse Feather s chapter 5 â€Å"information rich and information poor† decision of his book â€Å"The information Society, a survey of continuity and change† , we need to understand what really is information rich and information hapless in relation to information society. We need to analyse what the political quandary is ; is it merely a political dimension related issue within the information society? Is it a pick? And if there is, which manner should be chosen and see as politically right? And eventually we need to happen what other existent chances or options are given to us. This surely is a treatment full of perplexity on which I will reason that despite the geo-political disagreements between developing states and developed states the â€Å"digital divide† is non sine qua non to socio-economic political determinations any longer but has evolved in the past old ages into an Auto-Democratisation and Liberalisation and should be bridged by a m ore efficient and targeted educational program, internationally applied beyond any economical barriers. 2. Specifying what information society is The Internet is the lone mass medium that is freshly created in the 2nd half of last century and as Mehra ( 2004 ) says, the cyberspace has enormous potency to accomplish greater societal equity and authorization and better mundane life for those on the borders of society. The acceleration of development in information and communicating engineering over the last decennary has a major impact on societal, political, cultural or economical issues. What is the function being played by the Internet in the information society? The Internet is today seen as the polar point of position of the â€Å"information society† and can be regarded as a contemplation of our day-to-day world with its multiple chances and danger. The â€Å"information society† produces a â€Å"class division† , a clang between people who have nt entree to the bulk of cognition and those who are â€Å"information rich† , lending to the economic wealth. This spread between â€Å"haves† and â€Å"have-nots† , between â€Å"information rich† and â€Å"information poor† keeps increasing and has extremist effects of altering or at least well impacting our society. A more critical definition of â€Å"information society† given at BusinessDictionary.com combines both: Post-industrial society in which information engineering ( IT ) is transforming every facet of cultural, political, and societal life and which is based on the production and distribution of information. It is characterized by the permeant influence of IT on place, work, and recreational facets of the persons day-to-day modus operandi, stratification into new categories those who are information-rich and those who are information-poor It is by and large referred to as the â€Å"digital divide† nomenclature: â€Å"the spread between those people who have Internet entree and those who do not† Collins English Dictionary ( 2003 ) . With a somewhat distinction Mehra ( 2004 ) uses adjectives and add the proficient facet of computing machines to this definition. Looking at the multiple and about indistinguishable definitions of â€Å"information society† and its inextricable â€Å"digital divide† we can reason that by â€Å"digital divide† it is meant the splitting of those who use or non utilize Internet resources. the â€Å"have-nots† can non entree computing machines and Internet resources and hence are disadvantaged, falling into a an unequal place compared to the †haves† , the 1 who additions entree to information throughout new engineerings and hence take part actively to the societal, political, cultural and economical life. This construct comes from â€Å"information society† theoreticians, which predicts an exceeding societal impact on the merchandise society, Webster ( 2006 ) . Herbert Schiller s corporate capitalist economy ( p. 128 ) , Jurgen Habermas s public sphere ( p. 163 ) , Anthony Giddens s surveillance and automatic modernization ( p.206 ) , post-modernist Jean Baudrillard s marks meaning ( p. 244 ) or Zygmunt Bauman s liquid life ( p. 260 ) , non to bury Daniel Bell s post-industrial society, techniques and engineerings of production, alteration from Primary Industries such as agribusiness and industrialism to post-industrialism, are the footing for grounds that engineering is cardinal for the productiveness addition and ensuing economic wealth, referred as Technological determinism. ( p. 120 ) . Manuel Castells on the other manus with his web society is concentrating on societal plurality ; go forthing the old on the job category constructs and stratification constructions behind, c onveying to it new Parameters like flexibleness and adaptability and herewith become informational Labour, referred as informational Capitalism. ( p. 100 ) 3. Are â€Å"Haves† and â€Å"Have-nots† ever â€Å"information-rich† and â€Å"information poor† ? Looking at the given definitions it would about connote that people holding a computing machine and Internet entree would automatically be seen as rich persons, but sometimes in developing states and surely in developed states were consumers widely have entree to these engineerings we meet state of affairss where they are non considered as information rich. We should look at a different attack and formalize the distinction within our day-to-day world. Police Brutality EssayThere is an undeniable necessity to get research accomplishments, literacy accomplishments or by and large related computing machine accomplishments before a user can be called an internaut, a supporter: The usage of Internet requires a much higher literacy accomplishment than traditional media like telecasting, wireless or magazines in order to happen analyse and procedure the requested information. There is no title page with tabular array of contents ( publications ) and no fixed agenda ( telecasting, wireless ) on the Internet. The Internet is fundamentally a â€Å"pull medium† where aiming specific information, articles, research schemes and selective thought are necessary. Media literacy can hence be considered as a barrier to Internet entree, and this in any type of consumer groups, non merely in developing states but besides in our Western states. Unless there are strong political volitions were ICT is recognized by authoritiess as a development tool, were important attempts are made in instruction, debut to ICT in schools, were learning plans are developed, these states will non hold any important economical growing. In developed states the Internet was chiefly of beds with higher incomes and educational degrees. ENLARGE VIEW while the population in many developing states are wholly excluded from entree to the Internet. ENLARGE VIEW 5. Other chances and options The danger of such a spread within the society can non be minimized that easy and solutions offered by public establishments like â€Å"Internet entree for all† in public libraries, set up of information communicating engineerings within public schools or private funded undertakings like Microsoft laminitis Bill Gates â€Å"one computing machine for each children† , were the first rocks set to traverse the spread between information rich and information hapless. But it unluckily is non taking all citizens and coevals groups into history. ENUMERE It is necessary to light the different societal positions which would incorporate this socio-economical every bit good at it socio-cultural facets in order to make an consciousness of the complicity of this quandary. Bourdieu already suggested and identified this position as overall capital. DESCRIBE Harmonizing to Bourdieu ( 1993 ) , the overall capital of different fractions of the societal categories is composed of differing proportions of the assorted sorts of capital. It is chiefly in relation to the center and upper categories that Bourdieu elaborates this fluctuation in volume and composing of the four types of capital These differences are a effect of complex relationships between single and category flights. Furthermore, the values attached to the different signifiers of capital are bets in the battle between different category fractions Meritocratic instruction Particular attending should be thrown on the field of media instruction. The Internet, as an above medium influenced the perceptual experience of the users, the Media literacy is seen against the background of Info-Poor-/Info-Rich-effects. Therefore, an Internet literacy can take because of deficiency of cultural assimilation, for illustration when many senior citizens to information-poor effects. But even in kids and striplings in bend, the media instruction challenged when it comes to issues such as the ability, credibleness with the media, peculiarly via the Internet to measure common information. 6. Decision By redefining socio-economic spreads between â€Å"haves† and â€Å"have-nots† and whether it is portion of the political quandary, the information society is on its manner to go a powerful tool that could eliminate universe s poorness. Yet it the staying jobs are non merely to be seen as a sociological battle, but instead are perceived as a pedagogical challenge. 7. Mentions Beasley-Murray, J. ( 2000, June 15 ) . Value and Capital in Bourdieu and Marx. InI one-stop shopping for the existent intelligence. Retrieved December 30, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.williambowles.info/sa/cultural_capital.html Berude, L. ( 2006 ) . The Digital Divide, or Who Gets to Be Part of the Information Society? Multimedia Information and Technology Digital, 32 ( 3 ) , 26-33. Families, cultural resources and the digital divide: ICTs and educational advantage. ( 2003, April 1 ) . Australian Journal of Education, 47, 18-39. Retrieved December 30, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6475/is_1_47/ai_n29004669 Feather, J. ( 2008 ) . The Information Society: A Study of Continuity and Change ( 5 ed. ) . London: Facet Publishing. Sciadas, G. ( 2003 ) . Monitoring the Digital Divide and Beyond. Montreal, Canada: Orbicom. Webster, F. ( 2006 ) . Theories of the Information Society: Third Edition ( International Library of Sociology ) . New York: Routledge. information society definition. ( n.d. ) . BusinessDictionary.com Online Business Dictionary. Retrieved January 2, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.businessdictionary.com/definition/information-society.html